T4 syndrome – A distinct theoretical concept or elusive clinical entity? A case report

Hirai, P M and Thomson, O P (2016) T4 syndrome – A distinct theoretical concept or elusive clinical entity? A case report. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 20. pp. 722-727.

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Abstract

T4 syndrome has existed as a clinical concept for more than three decades and it has been identified as a source of upper extremity (UE) symptoms. This case report explores the clinical reasoning in the diagnoses and management of a patient with symptoms consistent with T4-type syndrome and critically discusses the concept of T4 syndrome using recent research to help explain the clinical presentation. Manual therapy treatment focused on stimulation of the sympathetic ganglia, decreasing local upper thoracic pain and UE referral pattern noted during passive examination. The successful outcomes included immediate and lasting symptom relief after upper thoracic spinal manipulation. Although treatment has been based on the theory that mechanical thoracic dysfunction can produce sympathetic nervous system (SNS) referred pain, the role the sympathetic reflexes potentially plays on the referral symptoms to the UE presently remains unclear. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd

Item Type:	Article
Keywords:	Article,Humans,Male,Manipulation, Spinal,Middle Aged,Osteopathic medicine,Osteopathy,Pain Management,Sympathetic Nervous System,Sympathetic nervous system,Syndrome,T4 syndrome,Thoracic Vertebrae,Thoracic spine,Upper Extremity,adrenergic system,adult,analg
Depositing User:	Dr Hilary Abbey
Date Deposited:	21 Dec 2020 13:01
Last Modified:	26 Sep 2023 13:16
URI:	https://uco.repository.guildhe.ac.uk/id/eprint/89

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